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OKH 3-1

Page history last edited by Pam Merrill 3 years, 10 months ago

Oklahoma Academic Standard 3. The student will evaluate the major political and economic events that transformed the land and its people from the outbreak of the Civil War through allotment and land openings.

Objective 3.1  Summarize the impact of the Civil War and Reconstruction Treaties on American Indian peoples, territories, and tribal sovereignty including:
  A.  required enrollment of the Freedmen
  B.  Second Indian Removal
  C.  significance of the Massacre at the Washita
  D.  reasons for the reservation system and the controversy regarding the reservation system as opposed to tribal lands.
  E.  establishment of the western military posts including the role of the Buffalo Soldiers

  F.  construction of railroads through Indian Territory 

In a Nutshell

Students should understand that alliance of the Five Nations with the Confederacy during the Civil War drastically changed the already tenuous relationship with the federal government. The terms of post war treaties opened additional lands for the relocation of Southern Plains tribes and drastically altered the political, economic, and social atmosphere of various Native American groups.

Teacher Action 

Student Action 

  • Provide opportunities for students to evaluate the usefulness of primary and secondary sources for specific inquiry, based on the author, date, place of origin, intended audience, and purpose related to the impact of the Civil War and Reconstruction Treaties on American Indian peoples, territories, and tribal sovereignty including the enrollment of the Freedmen, Second Indian Removal, and the reservation system.

  • Facilitate student analysis regarding how multiple, complex events are shaped by unique circumstances of time and place, as well as broader historical contexts as evident in the significance of the Massacre at the Washita. 

  • Develop questions about multiple historical and/or contemporary sources to pursue further inquiry and investigate additional sources regarding the establishment of the western military posts, the role of the Buffalo Soldiers, and construction of railroads through Indian Territory.

  • Analyze complex and interacting factors that influence multiple perspectives during different historical eras or contemporary events regarding tribal sovereignty.  

Key Concepts 

Misconceptions 

  • American Civil War as a significant event in the relationship between the U.S. Government, American Indian tribes, and Freedmen residing in Indian Territory

  • tribal division regarding remain neutrality in the conflict; Five Tribes' eventual alliance with the Confederate States

  • no major battles in the Indian Territory affecting the outcome of the war; loss of life of Indian refugees 

  • Reconstruction Treaties of 1866; goal of punishment for alliance with Confederacy 

  • Impact of treaties, including forced cession of lands in the Western portion of Indian Territory, creation of an Inter Tribal Council, permission for construction of railroads through the territory, abolishment of slavery among tribes, inclusion of Freedmen as citizens of the Five Tribes

  • Sand Creek Massacre, Massacre of the Washita, the Winter War, Red River War; armed resistance to the reservation system 

  • creation of western military outposts; role of Buffalo Soldiers 

  • construction of railroads accelerating the introduction of American settlers and  businesses; increased attacks on tribal sovereignty

  • Students should recognize that the issue of freedmen citizenship in the Five Tribes has been an area of debate. Tribes have argued for sole jurisdiction to determine citizenship status while freedmen descendants argue that the treaties of 1866 represent a valid guarantee of citizenship. 

  • Some students may mistakenly assume that although the reservation policy and system affected many American Indian groups west of the Mississippi River, there is a significant population of Indian tribes who were never placed on reservations. 

 

 

Instructional Resources

Access suggested instructional resources correlated to standard and objective.

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